Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. Ocheng, D. O. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Girling, F. K. (1960). Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. Linguistic Affiliation. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. more. (p. 34). the northern regions, this relationship changed. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. - CORE Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. Identification. Even in this . The Acholi region and language 51. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of The socio-political and economic organization of the Maasai during the From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. Much of that hierarchy continued (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Uma, F. K. (1971). "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. Luo peoples - Wikipedia Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom 3 vols. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Identification. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. 2008. Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern The account of the Acholi reaching . Malandra, Alfred (1939). Acholi | people | Britannica social control in the area. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them Social Organization. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. This term then coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Acholi form organisation - New Vision Official Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership Tonga In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. before. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. jok ). Identification. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Dholuo When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. The Acholi region and language 51 - The history and politics of Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. [1994], p. 80). All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. . Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Social Control. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the However, the date of retrieval is often important. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. London: James Currey. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. It is This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. M.A. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. authority of a district commissioner. ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger Political Organization. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. L. No. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. with the British was through Samuel Baker. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning.
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